Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a monomeric glycoprotein that acts as a cytokine in humans. Macrophages, mast cells, T cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and natural killer cells, secrete GM-CSF. Although the release of human GM-CSF is local, it can act in a paracrine fashion to recruit circulating monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils to enhance host defense mechanisms. Unlike colony-stimulating factor 3 that specializing in the proliferation and maturation of neutrophils, GM-CSF function stimulates a spectrum of cell types, especially eosinophils and macrophages. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a monomeric glycoprotein that acts as a cytokine in humans. GM-CSF facilitates the development and function of granulocytes and macrophages, which are white blood cells that aid in host defense system and recovery following an injury. While GM-CSF is mainly produced by macrophages, it can also be secreted by T cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and natural killer cells, to name a few.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a monomeric glycoprotein that acts as a cytokine in humans. Macrophages, mast cells, T cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and natural killer cells, all secrete GM-CSF. Although the release of human GM-CSF is local, it can act in a paracrine fashion to recruit circulating monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils to enhance host defence mechanisms. Unlike colony-stimulating factor 3 that specializes in the proliferation and maturation of neutrophils, GM-CSF stimulates a spectrum of cell types; from eosinophils and macrophages to keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a monomeric glycoprotein that acts as a cytokine in humans. Macrophages, mast cells, T cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and natural killer cells, secrete GM-CSF. Although the release of human GM-CSF is local, it can act in a paracrine fashion to recruit circulating monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils to enhance host defense mechanisms. Unlike colony-stimulating factor 3 that specializes in the proliferation and maturation of neutrophils, GM-CSF stimulates a spectrum of cell types, especially eosinophils and macrophages.
Lif cytokine, also known as Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, is produced as a 202 amino acid precursor protein. Upon removing 22 amino acids post-translationally, it processes the precursor protein into a 20 kilodalton active form. LIF is a stable and compact helix bundle composed of four helices, helix A, helix B, helix C, and helix D. LIF binds to its receptor LIFR and forms a heterodimer with the signal-transducing subunit GP130. GP130 is common to all LIFR receptor families.
LIF is produced as a 202 amino acid precursor protein. Upon removing 22 amino acids post-translationally, it processes the precursor protein into a 20 kilodalton active form. LIF is a stable and compact helix bundle composed of four helices, helix A, helix B, helix C, and helix D. LIF binds to its receptor, the LIFR and forms a heterodimer with the signal-transducing subunit GP130. GP130 is common to all LIFR receptor families. The heterodimer-complex formed activates the JAK/STAT and MAPK cascades, which in turn activates several pluripotency factors including Nanog, Sox-2, and Oct-4.
